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Directeur: Nicolas Xanthos Pour nous joindre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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RHÉTORIQUES DU VISIBLE – INTRODUCTION / Groupe µ Première partie : Conditions théoriques d’une rhétorique visuelle LA SÉMIOTIQUE VISUELLE, LE PLASTIQUE ET L’ESPACE
DU PROCHE / Marie Carani 16 L’ÉCLIPSE, LES DÉLICIEUX de Louise Viger présentés/ Chantal Boulanger 70 Deuxième partie : Approches particulières L’ELLIPSE ET LES STRUCTURES SUPERFICIELLES DES MÉTAPHORES
VERBALE ET NON VERBALE / Eli Rozik 79 RÉSUMÉS La sémiotique visuelle, le plastique
et l’espace du proche Iconicity, with the restrictions it imposed on plasticity, runs across
the history of visual semiotics. Contemporary art history has also been
witness to a similar phenomenon. On the basis of a virulent criticism
of this discursive model, both disciplines have recently attempted to
put forward some new perspectives on the visual sign. As the focal point
for its methodological critique, contrary to Clement Greenberg’s
principles of bidimensionality, the topological semiotics of the Québec
School have thus seized upon the seminal notions of perspectives and proxemic
spaces as a way to semiotize the signifiers and signifieds of modernist
painting, notably in the case of post-war chromatic abstraction. Des conditions de possibilité d’une
rhétorique visuelle The application to visual language of the notion of rhetoric previously
elaborated in connection with verbal language requires the existence of
two factors : a) a definition of a visual syntax allowing specific divergences
and b) a semantic hypothesis linking the iconic and plastic levels of
visual languages. It is proposed that these are provided by the spatial
organization of visual enunciations, that serve as denial as well as symbolic
satisfaction of human desires. Le silence parlant des images Among the classical approaches to visual semiotics, the Greimas school
tends to focus on oppositions, whereas the Groupe m discovers identies
everywhere. In contrast, we propose to recognize two basic operations,
one of which projects a difference on the background of a fundamental
identity, while the other affirms an identity on the background of an
equally fundamental difference. There would seem to be at least two ways
of transforming a picture into a statement, without having recourse to
verbal language : by introducing an identity, or an opposition (or some
less extreme form of differentiation), where the opposite is expected.
Thus, instead of defining a visual oxymoron, we suggest the existence
of a scale going from the most probable correlations of properties, also
known as prototypes, to the least probable correlations of properties,
the extreme case of which is the logical contradiction. Discussing a few
surrealist pictures, as well as more recent publicity and art pictures,
we found it necessary to posit still another scale, concerned with the
relative integration of objects into the lifeworld and the picture, respectively.
Le trope visuel, entre présence et absence In the way tropes operate, the presence/absence category is a governing
factor. In semiotics, it can receive a treatment in terms of « modes
of existence », and the different existential modalities of the
contents handled in the tropes (virtual, actual, potential and real) make
it possible to envisage their co-existence in a genuine discourse density.
These shiftings in depth, as well as the inflexions of presence and absence,
then become interpretable as sensible transformations (also bearing affects)
of the field of presence inherent to any enunciation. Signe iconique et tropologie visuelle This study discusses the possibility of a strictly visual rhetoric from
within the framework of the semiotics of C.S. Peirce. It suggests that
this particular theory combines aspects of Kantian idealism and a much
refined form of British empiricism, and emphasises the primary importance
of inference and experience in the way we interpret signs. This illustrates
the epistemological gulf between Peirce’s semiotics and the rationalist,
Saussurian semiologies generally invoked in the discussion of visual rhetoric
; since, within Peircean semiotics, the customary distinction between
verbal and non-verbal, visual signs is replaced by the more general trichotomic
division yielding the symbolic, the indexical and the iconic.The second
part of the study goes on to discuss the implications of such a position
for the interpretation of tropes, and shows how, within Peircean semiotics,
the form both of figurative and literal signs is held to be determined
by the relation between the structure of the object and the limits imposed
by the medium in which the sign is inscribed. Irrespective of medium,
this form is realized as one the three forms of hypoiconicity, namely,
image, diagram and metaphor, these being the « sub-iconic »
structures communicated by the object to the sign. Des opérandes rhétoriques comme
classèmes des tropes visuels We will attempt to apply known linguistic, semantic and rhetorical categories
to visual figures, with the visual aspect itself being considered as one
of the aspects of communication. To perceive the trope as a substitution
at the structural level of two paradigmatic systems allows for the transformation
from one system to the other. From that point, there is no reason to limit
oneself to use only one element, iconic or plastic, but rather it is important
to use all aspects of communication capable of undergoing a rhetoric operation.
Among these rhetoric operands, those regarding enunciation will be first
presented. As for visual operands, it is insufficient to use only dots
and lines as classifiers. Instead the spatial dimension, the drawing,
and the graph must be considered. Invention regarding visual tropes allows
for the translation of sounds, melody and gesture into images. The article
will end with the presentation of some elements of content, characters,
feelings, actions and notions. L’ellipse et les structures superficielles
des métaphores verbale et non verbale Against the background of an assumed fundamental equivalence between
verbal and iconic systems of signification and communication, this paper
suggests two theses : 1) verbal and nonverbal (particulary iconic) metaphors,
are generated from a common deep structure and produce meaning with the
same mechanisms ; 2) the rules of ellipsis equally apply to verbal and
nonverbal metaphor. Since missing components can be found on the grounds
of knowledge of the deep structure and the use of pertinent associative
processes, the existence of ellipsis does not affect the meaning of a
metaphor, whether verbal or non-verbal. Potentially, verbal metaphor is
more articulated than its non-verbal counterpart ; but the latter can
be conceived as a particular case of ellipsis and, in this sense, verbal
metaphor enjoys no advantage over non-verbal metaphor. In order to substantiate
these theses, several verbal and visual metaphors will be analysed. Synecdoques visuelles The trope named synecdoque refers to an object through a term literally
designing another object, related to the first by a relationship of inclusion.
Do iconic synecdoques exist ? It is first demonstrated that the part often
represents the whole (and conversely) in visual messages. To become a
trope, however, this representation must not correspond to an iconic norm,
whereas to be purely iconic it must be independant of language. It follows
that the whole (resp. the part), to be conceived, must be familiar to
the potential receivers, and that the selected detail (resp. the whole)
must allow them to identify it without error. De Zeuxis à Warhol: les figures du réalisme There has always been a tendency to think that the arts had to reproduce
reality as exactly as possible. This led in painting to trompe-l’œil,
which is in fact not art but a deceitful invitation to act, and in literature
to hypotyposis, which is a rhetorical device and not a true and humble
reproduction. On the other side, modern realism is born simultaneously
to the invention of photography : here, realism is questioned by the problem
of temporality : the real represented is never but dead reality. La syllepse dans le champ visuel In the light of recent discussions regarding the description of visual
language and the interpretation of its tropes, this study proposes a semiological
inquiry, in terms of plasticity and iconicity, into the nature of the
syllepsis. To question the heuristic relevance of this approach insofar
as modern art is concerned, the analysis focuses on heterogeneous iconographic
elements of « Kristus, 1918 », a woodcut by Karl Schmidt-
Rottluff. Certain aspects, drawn and written, of this expressionist icon
present pictural and scriptural ambiguities. Accordingly, this work of
art calls for a critical aperception (Adorno) in order to address its
apparent Judeo-Christian iconology. The study’s hypotheses and its
findings suggest that the visual syllepsis constitutes an object of knowledge
that must be constructed, seeing that it derives from what Kant calls
empirical intuition. La figure cachée : l’anamorphose
face à la rhétorique The perceptual challenges presented by Hans Holbein le Jeune’s
painting, The Ambassadors, do not only have incidences at the cognitive
and descriptive levels, but also at the rhetorical and more notably tropological
level. The analysis of three descriptions of Holbein’s anamorphical
figure of the skull presented by Jurgis Baltrusaitis, Michel Butor and
Hubert Aquin, will allow for a detailed study of the descriptive act by
which the painted image is translated into language. It is by paying particular
attention to the phenomenon of perspective which underlies the production
and reception of Holbein’s painting that the complexity of the cognitive
and rhetorical operations activated during the actualization of the anamorphic
figure wil be foregrounded. Sur quelques tropes visuels japonais et leurs
fondements perceptuels et expérientiels Some of the major traditional figures of Japanese poetry, which in comparaison
with their Western counterparts, appear to be highly speakingsubject-
oriented, are discussed in relation to the recent findings on human visual
perception, which point to the essentially constructive role played by
the seeing subject. It is suggested that a cognitive theory of perception
will offer a basis on which linguistically oriented rhetoric and imagistically
oriented visual tropology can meaningfully be integrated. Figures de l’appropriation In Modernity and Postmodernity, from Neoclassicism to the new «
Appropriationists », the visual arts have defined new modes of imitation,
quotation and appropriation. Rhetorical analysis did not pay much attention
to these figures. But in « Bricolage pictural. L’art à
propos de l’art », René Payant elaborates a typology
of « quotes in painting and the visual arts ». This article
examines this proposal, using C.S. Peirce and Nelson Goodman. |
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